Verified Solution • 2025–26 Session moderate

QPage 393: Q1: HC Verma: Concepts of Physics - Volume 2 X-Rays Page 393: Q1 Solution: When a Coolidge tube is operated for some time it becomes hot.…

⚠️ Common Exam Traps & Conceptual Pitfalls

Students frequently assume the tube heats up because of the emitted X‑rays or the filament current, overlooking that >99% of the accelerated electrons’ kinetic energy is deposited as thermal energy in the target when they strike it; only a tiny fraction becomes X‑rays. Remember to apply energy conservation: the kinetic energy of the electrons is the primary heat source.

When a Coolidge tube is operated for some time it becomes hot. Where does the heat come from?

Step-by-Step Verified Solution

**Answer:** The heat comes from the kinetic energy of the electrons striking the target. **Step-by-Step Explanation:** In a Coolidge tube, electrons are accelerated to high speeds and hit the target. Only a small fraction (less than 1%) of their kinetic energy is converted into X-rays. The remaining energy is transferred to the target atoms, increasing their vibrational energy and hence the temperature of the tube [citation:13].

All Questions in this Chapter

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