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QPage 285: Q2: HC Verma: Concepts of Physics - Volume 2 Magnetic Properties of Matter Page 285: Q2 Solution: The property of diamagnetism is said to be present in all…

⚠️ Common Exam Traps & Conceptual Pitfalls

Students often think diamagnetism is absent in paramagnetic or ferromagnetic substances. In reality, every material has a weak diamagnetic response; the stronger permanent moments in paramagnetic/ferromagnetic materials simply dominate the net magnetization.

The property of diamagnetism is said to be present in all materials. Then, why are some materials paramagnetic or ferromagnetic?

Step-by-Step Verified Solution

**Answer:** Diamagnetism is a weak effect that arises from the induced magnetic moments opposing the applied field. In materials with permanent magnetic moments (paramagnetic and ferromagnetic), the stronger aligning effect of the permanent moments dominates over the weak diamagnetic effect. **Step-by-Step Explanation:** All materials exhibit diamagnetism due to the orbital motion of electrons. When an external magnetic field is applied, it induces a magnetic moment that opposes the field (Lenz's law). However, this effect is very weak. In paramagnetic materials, atoms have permanent magnetic moments. When an external field is applied, these moments tend to align with the field, producing a net magnetisation in the direction of the field. This effect is stronger than the diamagnetic effect. In ferromagnetic materials, the moments are not only permanent but also interact strongly with each other, leading to parallel alignment over large regions (domains). This produces a very strong magnetisation, completely overwhelming the weak diamagnetic effect.

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