Verified Solution • 2025–26 Session moderate

QPage 139: Q1: Gauss's Law Solutions — HC Verma: Concepts of Physics - Volume 2

⚠️ Common Exam Traps & Conceptual Pitfalls

Students frequently treat θ as the angle between E and the surface itself, so they reverse the conditions for maximum and zero flux; remember that flux uses the dot product Φ=E·A=EA cosθ where θ is measured between the field direction and the area’s normal vector, not the plane.

A small plane area is rotated in an electric field. In which orientation of the area, is the flux of the electric field through the area maximum? In which orientation is it zero?

Step-by-Step Verified Solution

**Answer:** The flux is maximum when the area is perpendicular to the electric field. The flux is zero when the area is parallel to the electric field. **Step-by-Step Explanation:** Electric flux is defined as Φ=E⃗⋅A⃗=EAcos⁡θ\Phi = \vec{E} \cdot \vec{A} = EA\cos\theta, where θ\theta is the angle between the electric field and the normal to the area. - Maximum flux: θ=0�\theta = 0� (area perpendicular to field), Φmax=EA\Phi_{max} = EA. - Zero flux: θ=90�\theta = 90� (area parallel to field), Φ=0\Phi = 0 .

All Questions in this Chapter

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