Interactive chronological concept continuum. Master interconnected historical events, foundational science principles, and key syllabus milestones with active recall challenges.
Five dynasties ruled Delhi: Slave (1206–1290), Khalji (1290–1320), Tughlaq (1320–1414), Sayyid (1414–1451), and Lodi (1451–1526). Key rulers included Iltutmish, Alauddin Khalji, Muhammad bin Tughlaq, and Sikandar Lodi.
Vijayanagara became a powerful Hindu empire in South India, with Hampi as its capital. Krishnadevaraya (1509–1529) was its greatest ruler. The empire declined after the Battle of Talikota (1565).
Babur founded the Mughal Empire after the First Battle of Panipat (1526). Key emperors: Akbar (1556–1605) — largest empire, mansabdari, sulh-i-kul; Shah Jahan (1627–1658) — Taj Mahal, Red Fort; Aurangzeb (1658–1707) — jizya reimposed, Deccan campaigns.
Shivaji (1627–1680) founded the Maratha kingdom, crowned Chhatrapati in 1674. He established the Ashta Pradhan, chauth (25%), and sardeshmukhi (10%). He was a master of guerrilla warfare.
Under Peshwas (Baji Rao I, Balaji Baji Rao), the Marathas controlled much of India. The Third Battle of Panipat (1761) was a major setback. By 1818, the British defeated them in the Third Anglo-Maratha War.
The East India Company transitioned from a trading body to a territorial power after Plassey (1757) and Buxar (1764). It acquired diwani rights (1765) over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.
Peasants were forced into oppressive land revenue systems. The Permanent Settlement made zamindars hereditary owners but peasants suffered high rents. Indigo cultivation was forced on farmers, leading to the Indigo Revolt (1859–60).
A massive armed rebellion by sepoys, peasants, and rulers (Rani Lakshmibai, Nana Saheb, Bahadur Shah Zafar) against British rule. It began in Meerut (May 1857) and spread across North India.
The freedom struggle evolved from moderate petitions to mass movements: Non-Cooperation (1920–22), Civil Disobedience (1930–34), and Quit India (1942). Leaders like Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and Bose mobilized millions.
India achieved independence on 15 August 1947, but at the cost of Partition. The Constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950.
The Bhakti movement (Kabir, Nanak, Mirabai, Tulsidas) and the Sufi movement emphasized love, devotion, and equality, challenging orthodox practices. They composed poetry and music in local languages.